TY - JOUR

T1 - Supplementation of Diet With Galacto-oligosaccharides Increases Bifidobacteria, but Not Insulin Sensitivity, in Obese Prediabetic Individuals

AU - Canfora, Emanuel E

AU - van der Beek, Christina M

AU - Hermes, Gerben D A

AU - Goossens, Gijs H

AU - Jocken, Johan W E

AU - Holst, Jens J

AU - van Eijk, Hans M

AU - Venema, Koen

AU - Smidt, Hauke

AU - Zoetendal, Erwin G

AU - Dejong, Cornelis H C

AU - Lenaerts, Kaatje

AU - Blaak, Ellen E

N1 - Copyright © 2017 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PY - 2017/7

Y1 - 2017/7

N2 - BACKGROUND & AIMS: The gut microbiota affects host lipid and glucose metabolism, satiety, and chronic low-grade inflammation to contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fermentation end products, in particular the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, are believed to be involved in these processes. We investigated the long-term effects of supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), an acetogenic fiber, on the composition of the human gut microbiota and human metabolism.METHODS: We performed a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention study of 44 overweight or obese (body mass index, 28-40 kg/m(2)) prediabetic men and women (ages, 45-70 y) from October 2014 through October 2015 in Maastricht, The Netherlands. The participants were assigned randomly to groups who ingested 15 g GOS or isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin) daily with their regular meals for 12 weeks. Before and after this period, we collected data on peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, fecal microbiota composition, plasma and fecal SCFA, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, body composition, and hormonal and inflammatory responses. The primary outcome was the effect of GOS on peripheral insulin sensitivity, measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method.RESULTS: Supplementation of diets with GOS, but not placebo, increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium species in feces by 5-fold (P = .009; q = 0.144). Microbial richness or diversity in fecal samples were not affected. We did not observe any differences in fecal or fasting plasma SCFA concentrations or in systemic concentrations of gut-derived hormones, incretins, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, or other markers of inflammation. In addition, no significant alterations in peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, body composition, and energy and substrate metabolism were found.CONCLUSIONS: Twelve-week supplementation of GOS selectively increased fecal Bifidobacterium species abundance, but this did not produce significant changes in insulin sensitivity or related substrate and energy metabolism in overweight or obese prediabetic men and women. ClincialTrials.gov number, NCT02271776.

AB - BACKGROUND & AIMS: The gut microbiota affects host lipid and glucose metabolism, satiety, and chronic low-grade inflammation to contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fermentation end products, in particular the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, are believed to be involved in these processes. We investigated the long-term effects of supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), an acetogenic fiber, on the composition of the human gut microbiota and human metabolism.METHODS: We performed a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel intervention study of 44 overweight or obese (body mass index, 28-40 kg/m(2)) prediabetic men and women (ages, 45-70 y) from October 2014 through October 2015 in Maastricht, The Netherlands. The participants were assigned randomly to groups who ingested 15 g GOS or isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin) daily with their regular meals for 12 weeks. Before and after this period, we collected data on peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, fecal microbiota composition, plasma and fecal SCFA, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, body composition, and hormonal and inflammatory responses. The primary outcome was the effect of GOS on peripheral insulin sensitivity, measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method.RESULTS: Supplementation of diets with GOS, but not placebo, increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium species in feces by 5-fold (P = .009; q = 0.144). Microbial richness or diversity in fecal samples were not affected. We did not observe any differences in fecal or fasting plasma SCFA concentrations or in systemic concentrations of gut-derived hormones, incretins, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, or other markers of inflammation. In addition, no significant alterations in peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, body composition, and energy and substrate metabolism were found.CONCLUSIONS: Twelve-week supplementation of GOS selectively increased fecal Bifidobacterium species abundance, but this did not produce significant changes in insulin sensitivity or related substrate and energy metabolism in overweight or obese prediabetic men and women. ClincialTrials.gov number, NCT02271776.

KW - Acetic Acid

KW - Acute-Phase Proteins

KW - Adiposity

KW - Aged

KW - Bifidobacterium

KW - Blood Glucose

KW - Body Mass Index

KW - Carrier Proteins

KW - Cytokines

KW - DNA, Bacterial

KW - Dietary Supplements

KW - Double-Blind Method

KW - Energy Metabolism

KW - Feces

KW - Female

KW - Galactose

KW - Gastrointestinal Microbiome

KW - Humans

KW - Incretins

KW - Insulin

KW - Insulin Resistance

KW - Male

KW - Membrane Glycoproteins

KW - Middle Aged

KW - Obesity

KW - Oligosaccharides

KW - Prediabetic State

KW - Journal Article

KW - Randomized Controlled Trial

U2 - 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.051

DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.051

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 28396144

VL - 153

SP - 87-97.e3

JO - Gastroenterology

JF - Gastroenterology

SN - 0016-5085

IS - 1

ER -