TY - JOUR

T1 - Searching for Scandinavians in pre-Viking Scotland

T2 - molecular fingerprinting of Early Medieval combs

AU - von Holstein, Isabella C. C.

AU - Ashby, Steven P.

AU - van Doorn, Nienke L.

AU - Sachs, Stacie M.

AU - Buckley, Michael

AU - Meiri, Meirav

AU - Barnes, Ian

AU - Brundle, Anne

AU - Collins, Matthew J.

PY - 2014

Y1 - 2014

N2 - The character and chronology of Norse colonisation in Early Medieval northern Scotland (8th-10th centuries AD) is hotly debated. The presence of reindeer antler raw material in 'native' or 'Pictish' type combs from the Orkney Isles, northern Scotland has been put forward as evidence for a long and largely peaceful initial period of cultural contact, as opposed to a shorter, more polarised period probably in the late ninth century. Here this hypothesis is tested using a minimally-destructive collagen peptide mass fingerprinting method (ZooMS) to speciate the raw material of 20 combs. Eleven were identified as red deer, four as reindeer and one as whale. The accuracy and gentleness of this method was tested by the subsequent application of ancient DNA (aDNA) methods to fourteen of the same samples: in ten, amplification was successful and all supported the preliminary ZooMS identification. All 'native'-type combs in the sample are identified as red deer, and all Norse types as reindeer. These results challenge previous species identifications for these combs' raw materials. The balance of evidence no longer supports the existence of a long period of cultural contact between Atlantic Scotland and Scandinavian settlers before the late 9th century. ZooMS is shown to have considerable potential for identification of worked bone and antler artefacts, with applications in archaeology and wildlife/art-history forensics.

AB - The character and chronology of Norse colonisation in Early Medieval northern Scotland (8th-10th centuries AD) is hotly debated. The presence of reindeer antler raw material in 'native' or 'Pictish' type combs from the Orkney Isles, northern Scotland has been put forward as evidence for a long and largely peaceful initial period of cultural contact, as opposed to a shorter, more polarised period probably in the late ninth century. Here this hypothesis is tested using a minimally-destructive collagen peptide mass fingerprinting method (ZooMS) to speciate the raw material of 20 combs. Eleven were identified as red deer, four as reindeer and one as whale. The accuracy and gentleness of this method was tested by the subsequent application of ancient DNA (aDNA) methods to fourteen of the same samples: in ten, amplification was successful and all supported the preliminary ZooMS identification. All 'native'-type combs in the sample are identified as red deer, and all Norse types as reindeer. These results challenge previous species identifications for these combs' raw materials. The balance of evidence no longer supports the existence of a long period of cultural contact between Atlantic Scotland and Scandinavian settlers before the late 9th century. ZooMS is shown to have considerable potential for identification of worked bone and antler artefacts, with applications in archaeology and wildlife/art-history forensics.

KW - ADNA

KW - Collagen

KW - Combs

KW - Early Medieval

KW - Orkney

KW - Peptide mass fingerprinting

U2 - 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.026

DO - 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.026

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:84884358660

VL - 41

SP - 1

EP - 6

JO - Journal of Archaeological Science

JF - Journal of Archaeological Science

SN - 0305-4403

ER -