Sustaining and enhancing the ability of nature and natural ecosystems to store carbon is an idea that has gained recognition in the challenge to combat climate change. By strengthening ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, grasslands and agricultural lands, we may mitigate the climate crisis while also contributing to solving other ecological and social challenges. Building on nature’s carbon sequestration abilities to address socio-ecological challenges has been conceptualised under many names. One concept that has spread in some academic communities is Natural Climate Solutions (NCS) while other terms include ecosystem-based approaches and Nature-based Solutions (NbS). This entry considers these terms largely interchangeable, and draws upon literature that uses both the concepts of NCS and NbS, as well as similar terms such as nature restoration. It continues with the term ‘nature-based climate mitigation’ and focuses on initiatives and practices deployed in terrestrial ecosystems to address climate change.