Immune cell populations and induced immune responses at admission in patients hospitalized with vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections
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Methods: A nested case-control study on adults (≥ 18 years) who received at least two doses of a mRNA-COVID-19 vaccine and were hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and severe COVID-19 between January 7, 2021, and February 1, 2022, were eligible for inclusion. Age- and sex-matched non-vaccinated controls were identified. Immunophenotyping was performed using a custom-designed 10-color flow cytometry prefabricated freeze-dried antibody panel (DuraClone, Beckman Coulter (BC), Brea, Calif). TruCulture (Myriad RBM, Austin, USA) was used to assess induced immune response in whole blood, revealing different critical signaling pathways as a proxy for immune function. All samples were obtained within 48 hours of admission.
Results: In total, 20 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 and a breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, ten vaccinated and ten non-vaccinated patients. Vaccinated patients had lower concentrations of CD19 B cells (p = 0.035), naïve CD4 T cells (p = 0.015), a higher proportion of γδ1 T cells (p = 0.019), and higher unstimulated immune cell release of IL-10 (p = 0.015).
Conclusion: We observed immunological differences between vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 that indicate that vaccinated patients had lower B cell concentrations, lower concentrations of CD4 naïve T cells, a skewed gamma-delta V1/V2 ratio, and an exaggerated IL-10 response at admission. These results could indicate a suboptimal immune response involved in SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections that cause severe COVID-19 in vaccinated adults. However, the sample size was small, and further research is needed to confirm these results.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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Artikelnummer | 1360843 |
Tidsskrift | Frontiers in Immunology |
Vol/bind | 15 |
Antal sider | 11 |
ISSN | 1664-3224 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2024 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ZH has received research grant from Independent Research Fund Denmark (0134\u201300257B), Lundbeck Foundation (R349\u20132020-835) and the Danish Cancer Society (KBVU-MS R327-A19137). KF received research grant from Lundbeck Foundation (R349\u20132020-835). SO received research grant from the Ministry of Higher Education and Science, Copenhagen, Denmark (0238\u201300006B).
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2024 Sejdic, Hartling, Holler, Klingen Gjærde, Lindegaard, Dungu, Gnesin, Møller, Teglgaard, Niemann, Brooks, Jørgensen, Franck, Fischer, Marquart, Harboe and Ostrowski.
ID: 395995084