TY - JOUR

T1 - Low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes

T2 - A cross-sectional study from a Danish diabetes outpatient clinic

AU - Okdahl, Tina

AU - Wegeberg, Anne Marie

AU - Pociot, Flemming

AU - Brock, Birgitte

AU - Størling, Joachim

AU - Brock, Christina

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022.

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - Objectives To investigate low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes and explore associations to clinical aspects as well as microvascular and macrovascular complications. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting The outpatient diabetes clinic at the Department of Endocrinology at Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Participants 100 participants with type 2 diabetes confirmed by a haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)≥6.5% for a minimum of 1 year and 21 healthy controls. Outcome measures Serum levels of 27 inflammation-related biomarkers measured by immunoassay. Associations with microvascular and macrovascular complications, body weight, glycaemic control, medication and sex were investigated in the diabetes cohort. Results Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and eotaxin were elevated in type 2 diabetes (p<0.05), while interleukin (IL)-7 was decreased (p<0.001). IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were increased with body weight (p<0.05), while eotaxin and TNF-α were increased with elevated HbA1c levels (p<0.04). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy was associated with lower levels of induced protein-10, MDC and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (p<0.02), while females had higher levels of MDC (p=0.027). Individuals with ≥3 diabetic complications had elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15 and CRP compared with those with ≤3 (p<0.05). Conclusion The level of low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, glycaemic regulation, therapeutical management, sex and complications. Our results underline the importance of addressing inflammatory issues in type 2 diabetes, as these may predispose for crippling comorbidities.

AB - Objectives To investigate low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes and explore associations to clinical aspects as well as microvascular and macrovascular complications. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting The outpatient diabetes clinic at the Department of Endocrinology at Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Participants 100 participants with type 2 diabetes confirmed by a haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)≥6.5% for a minimum of 1 year and 21 healthy controls. Outcome measures Serum levels of 27 inflammation-related biomarkers measured by immunoassay. Associations with microvascular and macrovascular complications, body weight, glycaemic control, medication and sex were investigated in the diabetes cohort. Results Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and eotaxin were elevated in type 2 diabetes (p<0.05), while interleukin (IL)-7 was decreased (p<0.001). IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were increased with body weight (p<0.05), while eotaxin and TNF-α were increased with elevated HbA1c levels (p<0.04). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy was associated with lower levels of induced protein-10, MDC and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (p<0.02), while females had higher levels of MDC (p=0.027). Individuals with ≥3 diabetic complications had elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15 and CRP compared with those with ≤3 (p<0.05). Conclusion The level of low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, glycaemic regulation, therapeutical management, sex and complications. Our results underline the importance of addressing inflammatory issues in type 2 diabetes, as these may predispose for crippling comorbidities.

KW - DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY

KW - Diabetic neuropathy

KW - IMMUNOLOGY

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144442919&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062188

DO - 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062188

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 36517105

AN - SCOPUS:85144442919

VL - 12

JO - BMJ Open

JF - BMJ Open

SN - 2044-6055

IS - 12

M1 - e062188

ER -